前沿拓展：
广东**作文
一：2014广东**作文题目是:2014年广东卷**作文题：胶片与数码时代
二：题目详情：
黑白胶片的时代，照片很少，只记录下人生的几个瞬间，在家人一次次的翻看中，它能唤起许多**褪色的记忆。但照片渐渐泛黄，日益模糊。 数码科技的时代，照片很多，记录着日常生活的点点滴滴，可以随时上传到网络与人分享。它从不泛黄，**模糊，但在快速浏览与频繁更新中，值得珍惜的“点滴”也可能被稀释。
要求：
1、自选角度，确定立意，自拟标题，文体不限。
2、不要脱离材料内容及含义的范围。
3、不少于。
4、不得套作，不得抄袭
周三就**了，来温习一下广东过去10年**语文作文题目&英语作文题目，找找手感！
语文广东过去10年**语文作文题目
2016
英语广东过去10年**英语作文题目
2016年（全国一卷）
假定你是李华，暑假想去一家外贸公司**，已写好申请书和个人简历（resume）。给外教Mr Jenkins 写信，请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式（format） 注意：
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节，已使行文连贯。
2015年
阅读下面短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
On the first day of her work, Sally found that a class full of problems was waiting for her. Six teachers had quit before her. When she walked into the classroom, it was chaos; two boys were fighting in the far corner, yet the rest of the class seemed not to notice them; some girls were chatting and some were running about; paper, food packages and other garbage were littered around….Just when she was about to speak, a student rushed in and pushed her aside! He was twenty minutes late!
Sally walked onto the platform, picked up a piece of chalk and wrote on the blackboard: “Rule 1: We are family! “ All students stopped to look at her. And she continued with Rule 2, Rule 3… In the following weeks, Sally worked out 10 class rules and posted them on the walls of the classroom. She patiently explained all the rules to the students and require everyone to follow them.
Surprisingly, Sally was not driven out like the former teachers; instead, she won respect from the students. Over the year, she witnessed gradual change in the class. At the graduation ceremony, just as she expected, she was very proud to stand with a class of care, manners and confidence.
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 用约120个词就班规谈谈你的想法，内容包括：
(1) 你们班最突出的问题是什么？
(2) 针对该问题你会设计一条什么班规？
(3)你认为班规会带来什么影响？
2014年
阅读下面短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Oseola McCarty spent more than 75 years washing and ironing other people’s clothes. As a laundrywoman, she was paid only a few dollars each time. Certainly nobody would consider her rich, so they were all amazed when Miss McCarty decided to donate $ 150,000 to the University of Southern Mississippi.
The money was I … me savings. She could save such a large amount of money because she lived a very simple life. She never learned to drive, and when she wanted to go somewhere, she just walked. She never flew to anywhere till the donation，and in 50 years she had been out of the South only once. The house in which she lived was also a rather modest one her last uncle left her. Only after she became known in America did she begin to travel all over the country. Since then, she had been the subject of many interviews and articles and was even invited to the White House.
Her donation was for students who clearly needed financial help. She herself left school in the sixth grade and had never married or had children. She said to the reporters that the idea of helping somebody’s child go to college gave her much pleasure.
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 用约120个词就Miss McCarty的捐助谈谈你的想法，内容包括：
（1） 你如何看待她的捐助行为；
（2） 你认为她的捐助对受惠学生有哪些影响；
（3） 如果你自己要捐助，你会选择哪个群体并陈述理由。
2013年
阅读下面短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
To manypeople even the word “work” sounds unpleasant ,not necessarily because they are lazy.The sameman,who dislikes his job in the factory or even in the office ,may work hard atthe weekend ,painting the house or digging the garden.
What is thereason ,then?In most cases ,it is because these people simply do not enjoy theJob they are doing .It does not give them any real satisfaction. It may bequite easy,like making up wooden boxes, but it is very boring. Very often theyare doing a job which is just a **all part of a much larger one ,such asattaching a door handle to a car. But the part they play in actually making thecar is so **all that they can never say: I have made something !
Yet inmodern society somebody has to do ordinary jobs such as cleaning street**ecause this is the way society is organized ,No matter how ordinary a job is,it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our due respect. Societycannot function a single day without the “dull and boring” jobs.
【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 以约120个词谈谈你对平凡工作的想法，内容包括：
(1) 描述清洁工工作的艰辛;
(2) 假如没有清洁工，环境会变得如何?
(3) 你对平凡工作者的看法。
2012年
阅读下面的短文然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
My hu**and received a letter a month ago from a young woman who had been his student when she was in middle school. She was writing because she wanted to thank him for having a great influence on her life.
In the letter she wrote, “You were the teacher who helped me discover my talent for math. Before you came to teach us, I had been terribly poor at math, and had never thought that I would be interested in it. To my surprise, you magically showed me the beauty of math. I guess that was the turning point of my attitude towards it. Gradually my interest in it began to grow.
Thanks to your encouragement, I made continuous progress in math, and finally made up my mind to study it in the university. Today I am working as an accountant at Valley Medical Center in California. You played an important part. Thank you!”
What a wonderful gift to a retired teacher! My hu**and has received many letters from students over the years. This one was special, for it arrived at this time in his life when he is in very poor health.
【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 以约120个词就老师影响学生的话题谈谈你的想法内容包括
（1）上文使你想起哪位对你帮助最大的老师
（2）举例说明该老师对你学习或成长的影响
（3）你怎样看待老师对学生的影响。
2011年
阅读下面短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
When Sam first got tohis boarding school with his parents, he was very happy. He thought he would beable to go home every weekend. When he was told he would not, he started cryingbecause the thought of not seeing his parents was driving him crazy.
He was given uniformsand all other things that he would need for the term. He started crying when itwas time for his parents to leave. He was then taken to the dorm, where he sawother children happy. He tried as much as he could to fit in but could not becausehis mind was at home. He started feeling homesick (想家) and wanted to go homesas soon as possible.
He got sick soon becausehe could not eat the school food. He could not concentrate in the classroom.All he could think was being at home with his family. He had no mobile phone orother means to get in touch with his parents. He was angry and felt lonely. Hethought his parents hated him and that was why they left him in a boardingschool.
【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 以约120个词讲述一次你（或你的朋友）想家的经历，内容包括：
（1）时间、地点和起因；
（2）想家给学习和生活带来的影响；
（3）你（或你朋友）是如何应对的。
2010年
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Injunior high school, one of my clas**ates, Eithan, was addicted to TV. This boysimply knew everything about such pop shows as Who’s the Boss?
Then one day Ethan’s mother made him an after in order to draw him back to hisschool subiects. She promised that she would give him $200 if he could go afull month without watching any TV. None of us thought Ethan could do it, buthe did quit TV. His mom paid him $200. He went out and bought a TV, the biggesthe could find.
In recent years, hundreds of schools havecarried out experiments with paying kids with cash for showing up or gettinggood grades. All school kids admire this trend. But it upsets **s. Teacherssay that we are rewarding kids for doing what they should be doing of their ownwill.Psychologists warn that money can actually make lies perform worse bymaking the act of learning cheap. The debate has become a typical hattle overwhy our kids are not learning at the rate they should be despite decades ofreforms and budget increases.
[写作内容]
1.以约30词概括上文的主要内容。
2.以约120词对用金钱鼓励孩子学习的现象进行议论，内容包括：
(1)你对用金钱鼓励孩子学习的看法：
(2)你的父母（或其他亲人）是如何鼓励你学习的；
(3)你认为怎样才能更好地鼓励孩子学习
2009年
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Jackie is perhaps themost easily annoyed koala（考拉）at theFeatherdale Wildlife Park in southern Australia. All the koalas there areunhappy and complaining. You would be too if you were used to night activitiesand someone kept waking you up all day while you were trying to sleep it off.That’s right—sleep it off. The average koala is always half asleep because itfeeds on the leaves of a special kind that makes it sleepy.
The reason Jackie andher fellow koalas are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep is so they can behugged and photographed by tourists，who make the trips to Featherdale and an increasing numberof other national parks for just that special experience. Whatever departmentin the Aussie government in charge of such things is now moving to make thepractice illegal，which isunderstandable. How would you react，my friend，if you weretrying to sleep off a dozen times and some round，furry creature **elling of grass kept waking you?
* 考拉即树袋熊
178words
【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括这段短文的内容；
2. 然后以约120个词就“该不该禁止游客和动物拍照”进行议论，内容包括:
（1）人们在参观动物园时为什么喜欢和动物拍照；
（2）假如你处在那些动物的处境，你会有什么反应；
（3）你认为是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照。
2008年
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Hi, I am Mike. I just went through my firstyear of college. The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment.1went to a very **all high school where my mom was a teacher and she didpractically everything for me. But at the college I needed to know some basiclife skills. such as balancing a check—book, laundry, and the things you haveto be able to handle that I never thought of in the high school! It was reallytough for me at first and I got badly homesick.
Once thatfirst semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it—goodfacilities, helpful instructors. and a good library. The Students’ Union organizesvarious parties every week. I also go to cinemas and concerts, and often spendSaturday nights in pubs and clubs.
One thing Ithink is important is to get yourself active in things. I was on the dance teamin college and met a ton of people that way ••• it was so much easier to makefriends when you had a common ground.
【写作内容】
学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“PreparingMyself for College Life”，内容要点包括：
1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点；
2. 然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括：
(1) 对中学生活的感受；
(2) 理想的大学生活；
(3) 中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。
2007年
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Dear Ari,
As you sleep in my arms, I’m amazed at howlight you feel. I stare at your tiny body, so fragile that a sudden wind couldlift you up into the air. I love this feeling of protecting you and dreaming ofall I have in store for you.
I intend to bring you up to be brave andsuccessful in an often difficult society. That’s why your mommy and I havenamed you Ari, which means “lion”. It’s our hope that you will growstrong and eagerly grasp every opportunity to do well for yourself and others.
Before you came into the world, we hadspent months imagining what you’d be like. Would you be a boy or a girl? Wouldyou look like Mommy, Daddy or your elder brothers? Anyway, we would find outsoon.
Finally your mother’s labor came. Andseveral hours later, we met the first time. I held you high up in the air. Ithen was able to cut your umbilical cord (脐带) and put you in your mother’s arms. She stillhad enough energy to radiate the love while she pressed you to her face.
And here we are tonight. As I hold youclose, you sleep so peacefully. I press my ear to your chest and hear yourstrength. I am listening to the first beats of a lion’s heart. Welcome to theworld, Ari.
Love,
Daddy
【写作内容】
假设你就是信中的Ari，父亲在你出生的时候写了这封信。今天是父亲50岁生日，你准备以写信的方式，祝贺他的生日。以下是信的内容(信的开头和结尾已经为你写好)：
1．以约30个词概括父亲在他信中对你的期望；
2．以约120个词表达你对父亲的感恩，并包括如下要点：
(1)读信后的感受；
(2)以你自己成长的经历说明你的感受；
(3)表达你对父亲的感激和祝福。
2006年
根据以下图画，写一篇英语短文，描述今昔通讯方式的变化，以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。
注意：
1．词数：100左右
2．生词：通讯：communicate(with **．)vi.
communication n．
互联网：the Internet n.
拓展知识：
前沿拓展：
广东**作文
一：2014广东**作文题目是:2014年广东卷**作文题：胶片与数码时代
二：题目详情：
黑白胶片的时代，照片很少，只记录下人生的几个瞬间，在家人一次次的翻看中，它能唤起许多**褪色的记忆。但照片渐渐泛黄，日益模糊。 数码科技的时代，照片很多，记录着日常生活的点点滴滴，可以随时上传到网络与人分享。它从不泛黄，**模糊，但在快速浏览与频繁更新中，值得珍惜的“点滴”也可能被稀释。
要求：
1、自选角度，确定立意，自拟标题，文体不限。
2、不要脱离材料内容及含义的范围。
3、不少于。
4、不得套作，不得抄袭
周三就**了，来温习一下广东过去10年**语文作文题目&英语作文题目，找找手感！
语文广东过去10年**语文作文题目
2016
英语广东过去10年**英语作文题目
2016年（全国一卷）
假定你是李华，暑假想去一家外贸公司**，已写好申请书和个人简历（resume）。给外教Mr Jenkins 写信，请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式（format） 注意：
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节，已使行文连贯。
2015年
阅读下面短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
On the first day of her work, Sally found that a class full of problems was waiting for her. Six teachers had quit before her. When she walked into the classroom, it was chaos; two boys were fighting in the far corner, yet the rest of the class seemed not to notice them; some girls were chatting and some were running about; paper, food packages and other garbage were littered around….Just when she was about to speak, a student rushed in and pushed her aside! He was twenty minutes late!
Sally walked onto the platform, picked up a piece of chalk and wrote on the blackboard: “Rule 1: We are family! “ All students stopped to look at her. And she continued with Rule 2, Rule 3… In the following weeks, Sally worked out 10 class rules and posted them on the walls of the classroom. She patiently explained all the rules to the students and require everyone to follow them.
Surprisingly, Sally was not driven out like the former teachers; instead, she won respect from the students. Over the year, she witnessed gradual change in the class. At the graduation ceremony, just as she expected, she was very proud to stand with a class of care, manners and confidence.
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 用约120个词就班规谈谈你的想法，内容包括：
(1) 你们班最突出的问题是什么？
(2) 针对该问题你会设计一条什么班规？
(3)你认为班规会带来什么影响？
2014年
阅读下面短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Oseola McCarty spent more than 75 years washing and ironing other people’s clothes. As a laundrywoman, she was paid only a few dollars each time. Certainly nobody would consider her rich, so they were all amazed when Miss McCarty decided to donate $ 150,000 to the University of Southern Mississippi.
The money was I … me savings. She could save such a large amount of money because she lived a very simple life. She never learned to drive, and when she wanted to go somewhere, she just walked. She never flew to anywhere till the donation，and in 50 years she had been out of the South only once. The house in which she lived was also a rather modest one her last uncle left her. Only after she became known in America did she begin to travel all over the country. Since then, she had been the subject of many interviews and articles and was even invited to the White House.
Her donation was for students who clearly needed financial help. She herself left school in the sixth grade and had never married or had children. She said to the reporters that the idea of helping somebody’s child go to college gave her much pleasure.
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 用约120个词就Miss McCarty的捐助谈谈你的想法，内容包括：
（1） 你如何看待她的捐助行为；
（2） 你认为她的捐助对受惠学生有哪些影响；
（3） 如果你自己要捐助，你会选择哪个群体并陈述理由。
2013年
阅读下面短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
To manypeople even the word “work” sounds unpleasant ,not necessarily because they are lazy.The sameman,who dislikes his job in the factory or even in the office ,may work hard atthe weekend ,painting the house or digging the garden.
What is thereason ,then?In most cases ,it is because these people simply do not enjoy theJob they are doing .It does not give them any real satisfaction. It may bequite easy,like making up wooden boxes, but it is very boring. Very often theyare doing a job which is just a **all part of a much larger one ,such asattaching a door handle to a car. But the part they play in actually making thecar is so **all that they can never say: I have made something !
Yet inmodern society somebody has to do ordinary jobs such as cleaning street**ecause this is the way society is organized ,No matter how ordinary a job is,it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our due respect. Societycannot function a single day without the “dull and boring” jobs.
【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 以约120个词谈谈你对平凡工作的想法，内容包括：
(1) 描述清洁工工作的艰辛;
(2) 假如没有清洁工，环境会变得如何?
(3) 你对平凡工作者的看法。
2012年
阅读下面的短文然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
My hu**and received a letter a month ago from a young woman who had been his student when she was in middle school. She was writing because she wanted to thank him for having a great influence on her life.
In the letter she wrote, “You were the teacher who helped me discover my talent for math. Before you came to teach us, I had been terribly poor at math, and had never thought that I would be interested in it. To my surprise, you magically showed me the beauty of math. I guess that was the turning point of my attitude towards it. Gradually my interest in it began to grow.
Thanks to your encouragement, I made continuous progress in math, and finally made up my mind to study it in the university. Today I am working as an accountant at Valley Medical Center in California. You played an important part. Thank you!”
What a wonderful gift to a retired teacher! My hu**and has received many letters from students over the years. This one was special, for it arrived at this time in his life when he is in very poor health.
【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 以约120个词就老师影响学生的话题谈谈你的想法内容包括
（1）上文使你想起哪位对你帮助最大的老师
（2）举例说明该老师对你学习或成长的影响
（3）你怎样看待老师对学生的影响。
2011年
阅读下面短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
When Sam first got tohis boarding school with his parents, he was very happy. He thought he would beable to go home every weekend. When he was told he would not, he started cryingbecause the thought of not seeing his parents was driving him crazy.
He was given uniformsand all other things that he would need for the term. He started crying when itwas time for his parents to leave. He was then taken to the dorm, where he sawother children happy. He tried as much as he could to fit in but could not becausehis mind was at home. He started feeling homesick (想家) and wanted to go homesas soon as possible.
He got sick soon becausehe could not eat the school food. He could not concentrate in the classroom.All he could think was being at home with his family. He had no mobile phone orother means to get in touch with his parents. He was angry and felt lonely. Hethought his parents hated him and that was why they left him in a boardingschool.
【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 以约120个词讲述一次你（或你的朋友）想家的经历，内容包括：
（1）时间、地点和起因；
（2）想家给学习和生活带来的影响；
（3）你（或你朋友）是如何应对的。
2010年
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Injunior high school, one of my clas**ates, Eithan, was addicted to TV. This boysimply knew everything about such pop shows as Who’s the Boss?
Then one day Ethan’s mother made him an after in order to draw him back to hisschool subiects. She promised that she would give him $200 if he could go afull month without watching any TV. None of us thought Ethan could do it, buthe did quit TV. His mom paid him $200. He went out and bought a TV, the biggesthe could find.
In recent years, hundreds of schools havecarried out experiments with paying kids with cash for showing up or gettinggood grades. All school kids admire this trend. But it upsets **s. Teacherssay that we are rewarding kids for doing what they should be doing of their ownwill.Psychologists warn that money can actually make lies perform worse bymaking the act of learning cheap. The debate has become a typical hattle overwhy our kids are not learning at the rate they should be despite decades ofreforms and budget increases.
[写作内容]
1.以约30词概括上文的主要内容。
2.以约120词对用金钱鼓励孩子学习的现象进行议论，内容包括：
(1)你对用金钱鼓励孩子学习的看法：
(2)你的父母（或其他亲人）是如何鼓励你学习的；
(3)你认为怎样才能更好地鼓励孩子学习
2009年
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Jackie is perhaps themost easily annoyed koala（考拉）at theFeatherdale Wildlife Park in southern Australia. All the koalas there areunhappy and complaining. You would be too if you were used to night activitiesand someone kept waking you up all day while you were trying to sleep it off.That’s right—sleep it off. The average koala is always half asleep because itfeeds on the leaves of a special kind that makes it sleepy.
The reason Jackie andher fellow koalas are repeatedly awoken from their deep sleep is so they can behugged and photographed by tourists，who make the trips to Featherdale and an increasing numberof other national parks for just that special experience. Whatever departmentin the Aussie government in charge of such things is now moving to make thepractice illegal，which isunderstandable. How would you react，my friend，if you weretrying to sleep off a dozen times and some round，furry creature **elling of grass kept waking you?
* 考拉即树袋熊
178words
【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括这段短文的内容；
2. 然后以约120个词就“该不该禁止游客和动物拍照”进行议论，内容包括:
（1）人们在参观动物园时为什么喜欢和动物拍照；
（2）假如你处在那些动物的处境，你会有什么反应；
（3）你认为是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照。
2008年
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Hi, I am Mike. I just went through my firstyear of college. The toughest part on me at first was the general adjustment.1went to a very **all high school where my mom was a teacher and she didpractically everything for me. But at the college I needed to know some basiclife skills. such as balancing a check—book, laundry, and the things you haveto be able to handle that I never thought of in the high school! It was reallytough for me at first and I got badly homesick.
Once thatfirst semester was over and I got used to the college life, I loved it—goodfacilities, helpful instructors. and a good library. The Students’ Union organizesvarious parties every week. I also go to cinemas and concerts, and often spendSaturday nights in pubs and clubs.
One thing Ithink is important is to get yourself active in things. I was on the dance teamin college and met a ton of people that way ••• it was so much easier to makefriends when you had a common ground.
【写作内容】
学校最近组织了一次中美学生交流活动，你参加其中的“大学校园生活”讨论。听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“PreparingMyself for College Life”，内容要点包括：
1. 以约30个词概括Mike的发言要点；
2. 然后以约120个词谈谈你理想的大学生活，内容包括：
(1) 对中学生活的感受；
(2) 理想的大学生活；
(3) 中学生活和大学生活的差别，以及你打算如何适应。
2007年
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Dear Ari,
As you sleep in my arms, I’m amazed at howlight you feel. I stare at your tiny body, so fragile that a sudden wind couldlift you up into the air. I love this feeling of protecting you and dreaming ofall I have in store for you.
I intend to bring you up to be brave andsuccessful in an often difficult society. That’s why your mommy and I havenamed you Ari, which means “lion”. It’s our hope that you will growstrong and eagerly grasp every opportunity to do well for yourself and others.
Before you came into the world, we hadspent months imagining what you’d be like. Would you be a boy or a girl? Wouldyou look like Mommy, Daddy or your elder brothers? Anyway, we would find outsoon.
Finally your mother’s labor came. Andseveral hours later, we met the first time. I held you high up in the air. Ithen was able to cut your umbilical cord (脐带) and put you in your mother’s arms. She stillhad enough energy to radiate the love while she pressed you to her face.
And here we are tonight. As I hold youclose, you sleep so peacefully. I press my ear to your chest and hear yourstrength. I am listening to the first beats of a lion’s heart. Welcome to theworld, Ari.
Love,
Daddy
【写作内容】
假设你就是信中的Ari，父亲在你出生的时候写了这封信。今天是父亲50岁生日，你准备以写信的方式，祝贺他的生日。以下是信的内容(信的开头和结尾已经为你写好)：
1．以约30个词概括父亲在他信中对你的期望；
2．以约120个词表达你对父亲的感恩，并包括如下要点：
(1)读信后的感受；
(2)以你自己成长的经历说明你的感受；
(3)表达你对父亲的感激和祝福。
2006年
根据以下图画，写一篇英语短文，描述今昔通讯方式的变化，以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。
注意：
1．词数：100左右
2．生词：通讯：communicate(with **．)vi.
communication n．
互联网：the Internet n.
拓展知识：
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